Protocols and standards

Ø  Protocol is a set of rule.

Ø  Set of conventions between two entities involved in a communication

Elements of protocol

• syntax : data format and signal levels concerns the format of the data blocks
• semantics : include control information for coordination and error handling
• timing : speed matching and sequencin 

Network Standards

• A standard is an agreed-upon definition of a protocol. In the early days of computer networking, each computer manufacturer developed its own networking protocols. As a result, you weren’t able to easily mix equipment from different manufacturers on a single network. Then along came standards to save the day.
  Standards are industry-wide protocol definitions that are not tied to a particular manufacturer. With standard protocols, you can mix and match equipment from different vendors. As long as the equipment implements the standard protocols, it should be able to coexist on the same network.
  Many organizations are involved in setting standards for networking. The five most important organizations are
  
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI): The official standards organization in the United States. ANSI is pronounced An-See.

• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): An international organization that publishes several key networking standards; in particular, the official standard for the Ethernet networking system (known officially as IEEE 802.3). IEEE is pronounced Eye-triple-E.

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO): A federation of more than 100 standards organizations from throughout the world. If I had studied French in high school, I’d probably understand why the acronym for International Organization for Standardization is ISO, and not IOS.

• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): The organization responsible for the protocols that drive the Internet.

• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): An international organization that handles the development of standards for the World Wide Web.

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